Cause and Effect

The ABCD Syndrome

ABCD syndrome is the acronym for albinism, black lock, cell migration disorder of the neurocytes of the gut, and sensorineural deafness. It has been found to be caused by mutation in the endothelin B receptor gene. ABCD syndrome is defined as albinism, black lock, cell migration disorder of the neurocytes of the gut, and deafness. It was initially misdiagnosed and later discovered that a homozygous mutation in the EDNRB gene causes ABCD syndrome. This helped scientists discover that it is the same as type IV Waardenburg syndrome, also known as Shah-Waardenburg syndrome.

Researchers in the past 20 years have determined that a gene mutation, specifically a homozygous mutation in the EDNRB gene, is the cause of ABCD syndrome. The advancement of technology led to new DNA material testing methods and this discovery changed the view of ABCD syndrome completely. A homozygous mutation means that there was an identical mutation on both the maternal and paternal genes. The identifying clinical report stated the test was done by scanning the Kurdish family for mutations in the EDNRB gene and the EDN3 gene by using a test called denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The electrophoresis test takes advantage of electrical currents and differences in melting points of fragments of DNA or RNA to move them based on their molecular weight; the differences in mobility of the fragments then can be analyzed to determine different sequences and to detect individual alleles. Different nucleotides in DNA are codes for certain proteins, which are formed by different patterns of the base pairs adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The combination of adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine align on the double strands of DNA. The test results found "an aberrant DGGE pattern of exon 3 of the EDNRB gene. The mutation was determined to be a homozygous C to T base pair transition at the amino acid level, causing a premature stop in gene translation." This specialized testing enables geneticists to recognize the gene mutation that is the cause of ABCD syndrome.

New findings introduced an important break in the beliefs about ABCD syndrome because the endothelin B gene is a gene involved in Shah-Waardenburg syndrome. The endothelin receptor B produces Waardenburg syndrome type IV. Researchers began discussing the possibility that ABCD syndrome was in fact not a syndrome; rather it was a type of another syndrome known as Waardenburg. Discovering that the same gene is involved in ABCD and Waardenburg syndrome is important because researchers can now look further into ways to fix this crucial gene.

Classification Exemplification

Types of Amino Acids

          Amino acids play central roles both as building blocks of proteins and as intermediates in metabolism.  Amino acids can be classified in to two classifications which are Non-polar, Polar. Under the polar group are arginine, lysine, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, glutamine, histidine, alanine, tyrosine, threonine, serine, proline, and glycine. While under the non-polar group are Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine and cysteine.           Polar Amino Acids There are twenty amino acids that occur naturally, these amino acids can be separated into two groups; non-polar amino acids and polar amino acids. The polar group consist of 10 amino acids, two are negatively charged - aspartic acid and glutamic acid, 3 have a positive charge - arginine, lysine and histidine, and 5 are uncharged - asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine and tyrosine.[1] The properties of the amino acid are due to the properties of the side chain or R-group. These properties are extremely important when it comes to forming protein structure as different R-groups allow different non-covalent bonds to form between amino acids in the polypeptide chain. For example only amino acids with charged R-groups can form ionic bonds with each other or with other charged molecules. All polar amino acids have either an OH or NH2 group (when in aqueous environment), and can therefore make hydrogen bonds with other suitable groups.
         Non-polar amino acids are a class of amino acids in which the variable R-group is comprised of mostly hydrocarbons; the amino acids cysteine and methionine also feature a sulphur atom, but (due to its similar negativity to carbon) this does not confer any polar properties to either of these amino acids
          Polarity of the amino acids affects the overall structure of a protein. Polar amino acid residues have a tendency to be on the outside of a protein, due to the hydrophilic properties of the side chain. A mutation which causes an amino acid substitution can have a great effect on protein structure and therefore protein function. For example the point mutation which substitutes valine for the polar amino acid glutamate causes haemoglobin to change its shape, due to the new hydrophilic region, leading to the condition known as sickle cell anaemia.

Definition Text

Defense Mechanism of Bombardier Beetle 

    

Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera. One type of beetle is Bombardier beetle. Bombardier beetle are famous of their defense mechanism. When they are disturbed, they eject chemical spray from the tip of their abdomen which is composed of reaction between two chemical compounds, hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide, which are stored in two reservoirs in the beetles abdomen. 

Hydroquinone is an ingredient found in many skin-lightening products marketed to women for purposes of reducing age spots, melasma, freckles and other types of hyperpigmentation. In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed a rule that hydroquinone be considered "generally recognized as safe and effective," or GRASE. Depending on the concentration of hydroquinone in your skin lightener, you may get sufficient results; however, there are known side affects you should be aware of when using a hydroquinone-based bleaching cream. A common effect associated with hydroquinone is skin irritation. Drugs.com indicates that it should not be used on skin that is dry, chapped, sunburned or already irritated, nor should it be applied to an open wound. Irritation can be reduced by avoiding the use of harsh cleansing agents, such as soaps and shampoos, hair dye, permanent waves, cream depilatories, waxes made for hair removal and products that contain alcohol, lime, spices or other astringents. Avoid using medicated products unless instructed by a physician.

Hydrogen peroxide be both beneficial and harmful to skin. In dilute concentrations on open wounds, hydrogen peroxide can prevent infections. In contrast, on otherwise healthy skin, hydrogen peroxide can cause irritation, allergic reactions, and in high concentrations it can cause blisters, redness and other skin damage. Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used to prevent infections in wounds. Many skin infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria. They cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. When a typical over-the-counter 3 percent hydrogen peroxide solution is applied to a wound, oxygen is released. An enzyme called catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, releasing oxygen and water. While the water cleans the wound, the oxygen kills the anaerobic bacteria. Hydrogen peroxide can bleach hair on the skin. Unlike sunlight and lemon juice, which work with UV light to bleach hair, peroxide is oxidizing bleach. It breaks the chemical bonds of the color-causing molecules in the hair, the chromophores. When the chemical bonds of the chromophores are broken, the molecules no longer have color.

So in conclusion, if you see a beetle that looks like a bombardier beetle, do not attempt to touch or go near it. Even though that it is tiny, it can cause a major effect in your skin if its spray touches your skin.

Comparison and Contrast

The Effect of Temperature and Optimal pH to Enzymes 

Every organism has a certain temperature at which an enzyme catalytic activity is at its greatest. Enzymes also has pH level for it to reach its maximum rate. Temperature and optimal pH are both factors that affects the catalytic function of enzymes but they affect enzymes speed in different ways. As temperature rises, molecules are more inclined to react. While in optimal pH, if the pH level continues to increase, the enzymatic reaction declines.

Enzymes are basically the proteins which speed up the rate of reactions in living cells. These catalysts are made by the cells in very small amounts which are not consumed during a chemical reaction. They decrease the requirement of activation energy to start a reaction. The enzymes are very very specific and they may need co-enzymes for carrying out the activity. They digest food substances and breakdown the food substances in cells to release the energy required for respiration. Carbohydrates, lipases and pro-teases are the types of enzymes and there are many others as well. Get info about Transducer Techniques.

Every enzyme shows maximum activity at an optimum pH. Their activity is slow above or below the optimum pH. Enzymes have active sites where the substrates bind. These active sites are damaged or in other words their shape is changed by changing the pH. Substrates no longer fit the active site and the reaction does not occur. A pH of about 7 is the optimum and as the pH moves further away from the optimum pH the enzyme activity starts to slow down.

Every enzyme shows highest activity at a specific temperature which is called the optimum temperature. The rate of reaction above or below this temperature is slower. Increasing the temperature causes the frequency of collisions to increase as the molecules move faster when the heat is supplied. For a 10 degree Celsius rise in the temperature, the activity of enzyme doubles until the optimum temperature is reached. Increasing further temperature damages the active sites and changes their shapes. Substrates can no longer fit into the active sites. At temperatures higher than 60 degrees Celsius enzymes are basically completely denatured.

So in conclusion, pH and temperature affect the enzyme activity to a great extent as seen above. They are highly sensitive to temperatures as well as pH.

Persuasion Text

STEAM: The Key To Development

         Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, and Mathematics (STEAM) is call for strand in our society. STEAM is commonly that is commonly known strand that is chosen by most students who like complex questions and problems. STEAM has many tracks and courses that will help caught your interest. Being on the STEAM track can help you get in to careers reasoning and problem solving using mathematics, science or technology knowledge. That is why we should consider STEAM strand as strand for the worlds development. 

         STEAM contributes countless solutions and ideas for our society. just imagine if there is no STEAM strand? Those buildings, cars, and phones that we see and even use, are not existing without STEAM. Without doctors and nurses, who will cure our illnesses? Admittedly, our society needs STEAM. Dreaming to be an architect or an engineer? STEAM best fits for you. Those wish to become a doctor and a nurse, this strand is also perfect for you. You can become a pilot, an astrophysicist, and a lot more. Those who are interested in marine engineering should take this track. This track will sure caught your interest. 

            STEAM will give you a lot of opportunities, lead you to a successful careers. According to the U.S department of labor by 2018, nine out of ten fastest growing population that requires at least a bachelor degree will require significant scientific or mathematical training. Both industry and higher education wants students who can innovate, create and can be entrepreneurs.

              STEAM is important and must be chosen as we go to our future world. Be open to new ideas and open to change. So what are you waiting for? choose STEAM now, the innovation of our world.

Description Text

The Roboy

          Ever since life began, the eagerness to develop and adapt to the environment are the most important aspects that a human being must acquire in order for them to survive. today we are surrounded  by varieties of development. One significant development is the invention of technology. One example of this admired development is the creation of machines that can help you in your daily life. I give you "Roboy". This is a highly scientific improvised robot. it does not need remote controls to be manipulated. It is programmed to obey what ever it's master tells it to do. This robot can clean, cook, wash the dishes, and even save your life. It has emergency first aid kits and it is also fire and water resistant. This robot is the future of humanity. Just tell this robot what to do and he'll do the rest.

Problem Solution

Science and Technology; The Heart to Development

                 Science and Technology have completely changed the world over the last two hundred years. Science is the systematic study of the natural world, through observation and experiment. Technology is the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, to complete tasks that wouldn’t possible without it. Science and Technology can solve big problems and makes the impossible possible. One of those big problems is like, you no longer have to grow your own food, or wash your own clothes by hands. And you don’t have to worry as much about the prospect of getting sick and eventually die. 

        Sometimes it might seem like technology only causes problems or complicates things. But the truth is, science and technology have solved a lot of society’s problems and will continue to do so in the future. “Inventing what the world needs” that is now Edison described crux of innovation in technology. Jessa Shethna (2016). We’ve learned how to communicate and travel rapidly across the entire world. And we’ve surrounded by televisions, computers, electric lights, cars, cell phones and all kinds of things that would have been unimaginable with the help of technologies. Science and technology have discovered agricultural technologies, like fertilizers, combine harvesters, and selective breeding that allowed us to produce amounts of highly nutritious food that will feed us. Another problem in our society that science and technology have solved is the susceptibility to disease. But thanks to medical technology, that give us chance to live. We now have antibiotics and other drugs to cure diseases, MRI scanner to take images of the inside of the body, ventilators to breathe for you, and pacemakers to beat your heart for you. All of these are only possible with the help of science and technology. 

                It believed that Science and Technology can provide effective solutions to most and can solve problem in our society. Every day that we do technologies is always in our side. The food that we eat, the transportation, the communication, the cure in our disease, and even in our personal businesses. And these will not be happen without the help of Science, our inventor. Like in fertilizers and the drugs to cure diseases was discovered by chemists, and the MRI scanner was developed by physicists. Technology can be super simple, like the wheel, or super complicated, like the personal computer. Either way, we are surrounded it in our modern lives.

Narration Text

Cosmos

          Eversince Sarah was a little girl, she is fond of looking at the starts at night. Everytime she looks at the starts she notice patterns that looks like and object and even an animal. She was so curious about the patterns that she noticed. So she asked her father what are those patterns that she saw.

Sarah: Dad? What do you call that patterns that the stars form?

Dad: Those patterns that you saw are called constellations.

Sarah: Huh? What’s a constellation?

Dad: A constellation is a group of stars that forms a particular shape in the sky.

Sarah: How about that dad? What do you call that constellation?

Dad: Oh! That constellation is called the Orion.

Sarah: What is Orion?

Dad: Orion is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world.

Sarah: Wow! It’s really interesting. How about that one?

Dad: That is called the Ursa major.

Sarah: Ursa major? Why is it called Ursa major??

Dad: Ursa major is called the great bear. It is a constellation in the northern sky.

Sarah: Now I have knowledge about constellations. Thank you very much dad.

Dad: Remember that whatever happens, you will always be my star.

         

After their conversation, Sarah and her father went to bed. Sarah slept with the knowledge that her father thought her. Even in her sleep, she is still dreaming about the beauty of the cosmos.